HP Fisheries Department - Trout Fisheries

1. Buy only fish or eggs with known health status, i.e. has been controlled regularly by a Fish Health Service.

2. Keep an optimal density of fish in the raceways. A rate of water interchange of 2,5 L / min / m² with a stocking density of 4-5 kg / m² of raceway surface is standard for restocking farms (Sedgwick 1990). Farms producing trout for the table market can keep fish at higher densities in relation to the available flow.

3. Adequate feeding is essential for good economy and fish health.

4. Keep a good hygiene in the raceways (regular cleaning) and disinfect equipment routinely. Keep separate equipment between separate units.

5. Make sure that the up-stream water source is free of all kind of contaminations (sewage, other fish farms etc.)

6. Avoid unnecessary handling. Treatment and sorting should be made preferably by water transport, or as careful as possible.

7. Regular health control.

8. Parasite control and preventive measures when needed.

9. Adequate treatment of diseased fish

10. All in – All out system. Raceways should be emptied and disinfected before new stock is allowed.

Buy only fish or eggs with known health status, i.e. has been controlled regularly by a Fish Health Service

Eggs that are sold or moved must be followed by a health certificate, which secures the origin and the health status of the brood stock in addition to monitoring of the brood stock by an appointed fish health specialist or equivalent.

Eggs should be disinfected before incubation, or if they are being moved to another farm at the eyed-egg stadium. The receiving site shall ensure that the eggs are disinfected prior to being taken in.

It is prohibited to take in or hold brood stock in a hatchery. Brood stock can appear healthy but still be infected with a disease agent, such as a bacteria or virus. Brood stock which dies in the period before stripping must therefore be examined by autopsy and bacteriology. Brood fish showing signs of disease must not be used in breeding.

Diseases like Bacterial kidney disease and Infectious pancreatic necrosis are transmitted not only horizontally but also from brood fish to fry (vertically). To reveal healthy carriers of disease agents there must be routine surveillance of healthy fish. However, it is important to remember that it is more likely to reveal disease in a population by examination of dead fish than by examination of random healthy fish.

Disinfection of fish eggs

Although generally effective for decontamination of surfaces of eyed and newly fertilised eggs, the use of disinfectants, such as iodophors, cannot be relied upon to prevent vertical transmission of some bacterial (e.g. Renibacterium salmoninarum) and viral pathogens (e.g. infectious pancreatic necrosis virus) that may be present within the eyed and newly fertilised egg.

Conditions of use

The pH of the solutions of the iodophor products must be between 6 and 8. At a pH of 6 or less, the toxicity for eyed and newly fertilised eggs increases, and at 8 or more, the disinfection efficacy decreases. It is therefore essential to control the pH, and 100 mg/litre of NaHCO₃ must be added to water with a low alkalinity value. It is recommended that the eggs be rinsed in fresh water before and after disinfection, or that the iodine, after the appropriate contact time, be neutralised with sodium thiosulfate, and that water free from organic matter be used to prepare the iodophor solution. The contact time at the concentration of 1 litre of 100 ppm of iodophor solution should not be less than 10 minutes and the solution should be used only once. Additionally, for sanitising newly fertilised salmonid eggs via a water-hardening process with iodophors, the active ingredients should be no less than 50 ppm, the disinfection period no less than 30 minutes, and the solution should be used only once. For the other species, preliminary tests should be conducted to determine at what egg stage and with what type/concentration of disinfectant, disinfection can be carried out.

Finally, in the case of eggs that have been transported, the packaging should also be disinfected or, better still, destroyed in a manner that will not pose a contamination or health risk to water and/or other fish at the end destination.

Certain precautions must be taken prior to the use of iodophors as products on the market contain a variable quantity of detergents that can give rise to toxic effects. It is therefore recommended that preliminary tests be carried out among the products on the market. It is advisable to build up stocks of the most satisfactory product, but expiry dates must be considered.

Disinfection of eggs with iodine can be carried out for the various fish species but it is most commonly used for fish of the Salmonidae family. For the other species, preliminary tests should be conducted to determine at what egg stage and iodophore concentration disinfection can be carried out safely.

Efficacy limits

Disinfection of eggs with iodine is ineffective when trying to avoid vertical transmission of infectious pancreatic necrosis, renibacteriosis and even infectious haematopoietic necrosis, for which this method was recommended initially. The ineffectiveness of iodine has been proved by epidemiological surveys and laboratory tests.

Keep a good hygiene in the raceways (regular cleaning) and disinfect equipment routinely. Keep separate equipment between separate units

Using separate bag nets and brushes for each tank makes each tank a separate unit with respect to disease transmission. Each basin or raceway should have its own brush and bag net, preferable marked in different colours.

All equipment used when moving biological material, such as feed, fish or eggs must be disinfected between different units. Equipment taken into the farm units must be either disinfected or unused. If the same equipment must be used in several tanks is should be soaked in disinfectant for an efficient time period (usually 10 minutes) before it is used on different groups of fish.

Dead and diseased fish

Dead fish left in the basins contain large numbers of microorganisms such as bacteria, virus and parasites and must therefore be eliminated as soon as possible. Good routines for elimination of dead fish are crucial to limit the transmission of disease at the farm. Dead fish must be eliminated from the basins or raceways at a minimum every 24 hours, treated with acid or lime and buried. The silage shall not have a pH value higher than 4.

Fish that are weakened by gill damage or external parasites will be prone to contagious diseases. They can be a disease reservoir and a good nutritional substrate for disease agents. In many occasions it is good husbandry to eliminate such fish.

Feed should be stored separately from other equipment, and protected from rats and birds.

Transport of feed to the farm and within the farm can represent a risk of spreading disease. Thus it is important to plan such work and write down an instruction for the routines of feed transport. Feed for fry should be stored separately, close to the hatchery.

Feed automates must be cleaned regularly. Old feed leftovers are the best environment for harmful microorganisms. The feed itself can also be a source of pathogens if the feed components have not been treated with temperatures high enough to kill microorganisms, or if the feed has been contaminated after production.

The ability of different microorganisms to survive in water is variable. However, water must generally be considered a potential source of contaminants. All water intake shall be secured against intake of wild fish. Human use of the water source, such as fishing with tools used in other rivers, the use of fish as bait and moving of boats between lakes is also a potential risk. Water intake can be provided with a filter and UV-treatment to reduce the risk of introducing harmful microorganisms. Use of the water source for washing of clothes, wastewater from workshops and households, or drainage from farm fields containing fertilizers can reduce the quality of the water source. A high content of metals as aluminium and iron, acid water, varying concentrations of oxygen and variations in temperature are stress factors that diminish the disease resistance of the fish.

All in – All out system. Raceways should be emptied and disinfected before new stock is allowed

Follow the all-in-all-out principle to reduce the risk of crossover infection from one year to another. Emptied tanks and departments are washed, dried and disinfected well before the introduction of new groups of fish. To separate different parts of the farm in daily work routines will limit the consequences of a disease outbreak. For less serious diseases it might be possible to save fish in some departments from being stamped out.

Any handling will lead to some stress and superficial damage. This will have more dramatic consequences in an overcrowded system with faulty feeding regimes. If possible, water transport supported by small pump systems is recommended when moving fish.

Noxious animals, rats and birds, can be carriers of microorganisms. Birds are often hosts for gut-and eye parasites, but also microorganisms harmful to fish can survive for shorter periods on warm-blooded animals.

Visitors and personnel can also be vectors for harmful microorganisms. In particular after handling of wild fish or visits to other fish farms it is important to disinfect equipment, change clothes and wash hands, using an effective disinfectant. It is the farm manager who is responsible that all visitors follow the hygiene instructions; this is compulsory for superior managers as well as plumbers! The farm manager should always be informed prior to any visits. Visits to the farm should be kept at a minimum and visits to hatchery and start feeders should be avoided. At the entrance to the farm should be a short written instruction of the hygienic rules at the farm.

Trout food and feeding

Trout are carnivourous fish and exist by cathchin and eating other living organisms. Their digestive system is designed to handle animal protein and they can only digest and make use of a strictly limited variety of vegetable products. Most of the fish food mixtures originally given to domestic rainbow trout reared for the table market, were arrived at through common sense allied to trial and error. Scientific research into the dietary requirements of rainbow trout has been mainly undertaken in the

USA

For practical purposes it is true to say that the best rainbow trout foods are those which contain the maximum amount of animal protein. A low grade food might contain 28- 35 % and a high grade food 45-50%. The total protein content of most food mixtures is made by the addition of vegetable protein. This can only be utilized by the fish in comparatively small amounts and, if fed in large quantitities, can be actively detrimental. Table 11.1. shows the suggested certain minimum amino-acids requirements for salmonid fish ( not necessarily rainbow trout).

The main effective constituent of all commercially prepared fish foods is dried animal protein. The better the food, the more good-quality animal protein it will contain. The best source of suitable animal protein is high-grade fish meal. This should be vacuum dried and derived from white fish. Poor quality, heat dried fish meal, particularly if derived from fish of the herring family, can lead to dietary deficiencies and to the death of large amounts of fish on a farm, if it is fed for any length of time as a total diet.

Trout can utilize small quantities of digestible carbohydrates (glucose, lactose etc.) but not more than 9% of digestible carbohydrate should be given to trout, and the daily intake should not exceed 4,5 g of digestible carbohydrate per kilogram weight of fish. If too much of carbohydrate is given for any length of time, heavy losses will occur. The bodies of the dead fish will be seen to be swollen and, when opened up, the livers will be grossly enlarged and light in color; this is due to overstorage of glycogen. Carbohydrate, in the various kinds of grain meal often mixed in trout foods, can be given in fairly large quantities as it is practically indigestible by trout and therefore does little harm.

A small amount of digestible fat is necessary in the trout diet. The digestibility of fats depends upon their having a low melting point as they must be liquid in the stomach of the fish in order to be utilised. The essential fatty acids are linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic, all of which are higher unsaturated fatty acids. A practical food mixture will contain about 5-8% of fat. Most commercial foods contain between 15-24 % fat (Danafeed™). Too much fat in the diet results in fish losses due to fatty degeneration of the liver and kidneys. If the fish is fed a diet lacking essential fatty acids for a long time there will be poor growth and a low feed conversion ratio. The liver will become swollen because of storage of lipids and certain gill and eye functions will be impaired.

Small quantities of minerals are as essential to trout as they are to higher animals. The quantities are not known, but it can be assumed that most of the minerals essential to life can be taken up by the fish directly from the water.

The daily vitamin requirements has been suggested by research workers in Europe and the

USA

. Table 11.2 lists the essential daily minimum quantities per kilogram of body weight of the fish.

It is also known that trout require vitamin C (450 – 500 mg). They also require the fat-soluble vitamins A (8000-10 000 i.u.), D (1000 i.u.), E (125 i.u.) and K (15-20 mg) and these are usually added in commercial dry feeds.

The best results are obtained by feeding rainbow trout little and often. The answer is automatic feeding, as the timing of feeds and the quantity of food is given, is open to a wide range of adjustment. When hand feeding has to be employed fry should be fed at least six times a day during the first four to five weeks of feeding. The feeds can then be reduced to five a day during the rest of the first summer period. Large fish, in the second summer should be fed two to three times a day.

It has been known for a long time that the red colour of the flesh of some salmonid fish is due to the prescence of a fat-solvent pigment of the carotenoid group. The fish collect the pigment by eating other animals which have assimimilated it from their food.

It is possible to produce a red colour in the flesh of rainbow trout by feeding dried crustacea, to the fish for a period of about four to five weeks before they are slaughtered. Fresh prawns or prawn and shrimp meal is expensive and is only worthwhile incorporating in the fish food when a correspondingly high price can be obtained for the fish, or when crustacean food can be obtained very cheaply.

Carotenoids have been added to the feeds of animals and poultry to colour the food products derived from them. The natural carotenoid pigment present in most salmonid fish species is a xanthin. A similar red-coloured carotenoid pigment known as canthaxanthin has been synthesized and is now produced commercially. It has been approved for food colouring use in Europe and

Canada

. Canthaxanthin fed to rainbow trout at a rate of 190 mg/kg food produces a satisfactory red colour aver a period of approximately ten weeks. An alternative natural carotenoid is available known as astaxanthin.

The commonest cause of dietary trouble in rainbow trout is using a cheap feed, low in animal protein (lacking essential amino acids). Another deficiency which often causes large losses is a lack of thiamine (vitamine B₁), in either wet or dry feeds which contain too much herring.

The following symptoms have been attributed to a lack of particular vitamins in the diet of rainbow trout. How far these can all be substantiated in practical trout farming, as well as in the laboratory, is not yet established.

Loss of appetite; instability and impaired equilibrium; convulsions before death.

Loss of appetite; fish seek shade or darkness and swim deep in ponds; vision seems impaired; eye lens may be clouded and eyes bloodshot; the fish become dark in colour.

Loss of appetite; overactive and nervous reaction; rapid breathing and gasping mouth movements;quivering of the gill covers; fluid collects in the body cavity; the fish are anaemic and the skin on the back may darken

Loss of appetite;muscular atrophy and convulsive movements, darkening of the skin; sores in the intestine.

Loss of appetite;movement becomes spasmodic and jerky; fluid collects in the stomach and intestines.

Panthothenic acid; Loss of appetite; fish are generally unhealthe looking; gill filaments may be stuck together and covered with mucus, sores may appear on the body.

Slow growth; the fish are sluggish; anaemia; colour darkens; the fins, particularly the tail fin, have a broken appearance.

Poor growth and conversion. Fatty degeneration of the liver, bleeding in the kidney and intestine.

Processing trout

A great many things can now be done with the fish to broaden the sales spectrum. They can be gutted and frozen, hot smoked, cold smoked, filleted and packaged. The fillets can be breaded or dipped in batter. Trout can be marinaded, cut in strips and canned like herring. Trout eggs are brined and preserved in glass to be sold as red caviar.

The common mistake by inexperienced workers is to damage the fish as they are caught up for slaughter. If too many are lifted up at a time they will get bruised and lose scales, which spoils their appearance. Bruised fish become soft and easily deteriorate. Careful handling is equally important in transporting dead fish from raceways. If they are dumped into a deep skip, the bottom fish will be half rotten after a short journey in warm weather. They should be packed in proper, shallow boxes, and iced if they have to spend more than half an hour in the open air on a hot day. Long distance transport is much better carried out with the fish held alive in oxygenated tanks and this is the best method to bring the fish to a processing centre.

All farmed fish should be starved before slaughter for long enough time to empty the gut. It is common practise, on most trout farms, to let fish suffocate to death. This may be unavoidable with small or medium size trout, but large fish should be deliberately killed as quickly as possible. If the fish die slowly, lactic acids are released into the tissues which accelerate the autolytic process and reduce the length of time the fish can be kept fresh.

The most satisfactory and humane method of killing fish is by leading CO2 (cabon dioxide) into the water. The trout have to be confined in a small area in the raceway and surrounded by a wall of plastic sheeting. The flow can be cut off and the depth reduced in the raceway.

Electricity can be used to kill fish. They can be transeferred into a smaller tank where they are killed by 600 v passing through electrodes in the water. It is essential to use a sufficiently high voltage to kill the fish instantaneously otherwise tetanus sets in and vibrates the muscles and ruptures blood vessels, producing black spots that ruin the fish.

Fish packed in boxes should be covered by flake ice and farms sending fresh trout to the market should have an ice maker. Small machines are not expensive and are easy to operate.

The quality of the fish is preserved by the ice melting slowly over them which keeps them moist as well as cold.

Solid wood or plastic boxes must have holes in the base to allow the melt water to escape.

Large fish should be packed side by side, bellies down in a single layer before being iced.

Fish weakened from high stocking density, a mild parasitic infection or aggression at feeding are more prone to infection, and the effect of endemic diseases can be severe. The water quality, water chemistry, pH, temperature and oxygen levels are all crucial for the disease resistance of the fish. A bad feed and feeding regimes can lead to aggression and increased loads of wasted feed components in the water.

The following values are recommended for farmed Atlantic salmon. They can be used as a guideline for farmed trout.

Should be 70-100% saturation. 60% saturation can be acceptable for periods of handling. 6 mg/L oxygen is considered the lower limit.

Maximum limit should be 0,02 mg/L. In soft water with pH at 6,5 NH₃-N is poisonous to fry at 0,03 mg/L at 2ºC. It is less poisonous at higher temperatures and lower pH. Reduced growth and disease resistance has been showed at exposure for longer periods to 0,01 mg/L NH₃-N.

The level of carbon dioxide is influenced by factors such as pH, oksygen, and calcium. The maximum level of carbon dioxide should be 20 mg/L.

Acceptable pH is depending on water quality factors, such as organic matter, aluminium, carbon dioxide, calcium, among others. That makes is difficult to establish an optimal pH.

The pH should be as stabile as possible, as changes can result in complex water quality changes, specially affecting the gills. The pH should be between 6-8,5.

Early stages of fish (eggs and start feeders) should be kept on temperatures below 8ºC, to avoid malformations.

In troughs the water flow should be enough to provide a self-cleaning effect. A rule of thumb is 2 x the length of the fish/ sek. Smaller troughs with a bad self-cleaning effect should be brushed regularly so that no organic matter is allowed to attach to the trough walls.

Construction solutions to achieve good hygiene (applicable to central hatcheries and large fish farms)

Technical solutions for hygiene preventive work must be included in the planning of a fish farm in an early stage. Hatchery and start feeding units should be separate from growth units with older fish, since older fish can be carriers of disease without showing any signs of disease. Start feeders are usually more susceptible to disease than older fish. In farms with several brood lines, i.e. of different origin, these lines should preferably be kept separately.

For all kinds of work at the farm, a system for “clean” and “contaminated” zones should be established. Define the “clean” and the “contaminated” areas of the farm. Perform daily work routines in such a way that crossing of these zones can be avoided. To enter the farm all visitors and personnel should pass a hygiene sluice. A short written instruction can inform of the hygienic rules applied at the farm. The sluice should be provided with warm water, hand soap and hand disinfection. In the sluice the visitor / personnel is provided with shoes and overalls. Each hygienic unit at the farm (i.e. hatchery and growth unit) should have its own sluice. Lunchroom and office should be placed outside the clean zone, to make it possible to visit the farm without entering the clean zones.

Using separate bag nets and brushes for each tank makes each tank a separate unit with respect to disease transmission. If the same equipment must be used in several tanks is should be soaked in disinfectant for an efficient time period (usually 10 minutes) before it is used on different groups of fish. There should be tables, buckets and tubs for each department, marked so that mixing of equipment between departments can be avoided.

Microorganisms can also be spread through reflux of water via the drain, if water is being let out from several tanks at the same time. Different departments should have separate drainage all the way to the outlet.

There are numerous books and scientific articles written on the subject of Trout Farming and Diseases in Trout and it is not in the scope of this project to summarize these sources.

The Fish Diseases Act authored by the Norwegian Animal Health Authorities provides excellent guidelines for practical fish farming, spesially for health personnel and consultants to the small fish farmers (provided).

The Code contains information and guidelines guidelines and recommendations for the handling of each disease listed by the OIE. The Manual, is a detailed handbook of diagnostic tests for the equivalent diseases.

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eNyh chekjh ds Qsyus dh n`f”V ls izR;sd VSad@jslost ds fy, vyx tky o cz’k dk iz;skx djus ij mls vyx bdkbZ cuk nsrk gSA ;fn laHko gks rks vyx vyx jslost ds fy, vyx vyx jaxksa ds tky o cz’kksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

eNyh ikyu dh leLr xfrfof/k;ksa tSls vkgkj] eNyh ;k v.Mk ifjogu vkfn esa iz;ksx gksus okys gj midj.k dks jksxk.kwuk’kd izfØ;k ls xqtkjuk vko’;d gSA ;fn fofHkUu bdkbZ;ksa ds fy, vyx&2 midj.k laHko u gks rks ,d bdkbZ dk midj.k nwljh bdkbZ esa iz;ksx ls iwoZ mldk 10 feuV rd folØe.k vko’;d gSA

rkykc@ jslost ds /kjkry ij iMh e`r eNfy;ksa esa oSDVsfj;k ok;jl rFkk vU; ijthoh @ lw{e tho gksrs gSa vr% mls ftruk ‘kh/kz gks lds ckgj fudky nsuk pkfg,A bl dk;Z esa rRijrk ls eNyh chekjh Qsyus dk Hk; ugha jgrk gSA gj 24 /k.Vs esa ;g izfØ;k de ls de ,d ckj vo’; nksbjkbZ tkuh pkfg, rFkk ejh gqbZ eNfy;ksa dk rstkc vFkok pwus ls mipkj mijkar mUgSa xgjs x<s esa nck nsuk pkfg,A mipkfjr ejh eNyh @ vFkok mlds ?kksy dh ih,p 4 ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A

,slh eNfy;ksa ftuds xyQMs chekjh ls {kfrxzLr gksa vFkok ftuesa ijthoh gksa muesa laØe.k jksx Qsyus dh vk’kadk jgrh gS rFkk os jksx Hk.Mkj o chekfj;ksa dsthok.kw iks”k.k dk dke djrh gSA ,slh eNfy;ksa dks le; jgrs u”V djuk gh mi;ksxh ekuk x;k gSA

eNyh vkgkj dk Hk.Mkj.k vU; midj.kksa ls vyx djuk pkfg, rFkk mldh pwgksa o if{k;ksa ls lqj{kk O;oLFkk Hkh vko’;d gSA QkeZ ds fy, ckgj ls rFkk QkeZ ds Hkhrj vkgkj ifjgou chekjh Qsyus dk dk;Z dj ldrk gSA vr% bl dk;Z dks dMh o fu;fer fnup;kZ ds v/khu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vaxqfydk vkgkj ;a=ksa dh jkstkuk lQkbZ] rFkk iqjkus vkgkj ds va’kksa dks u”V djuk vko’;d gSAvkgkj ;fn mi;qDr rkieku ij u cuk;k tk, ;k mldk fuekZ.k mijkar laØe.k gks tk,a rks og Lo;a gh jksxk.kw Qsykus dk L=ksr cuk tkrk gSA

lqfuf’pr djsa fd QkeZ esa vkus okyk ikuh gj izdkj ds iznw”k.k ls eqDr gSA fofHkUu lw{e thoksa dh ty esa thfor jgus dh ;|fi {kerk fHkUu fHkUu gS fQj Hkh ikuh dks laØe.k dk lnSo eq[; L=ksar dh ekuk tkuk pkfg,A ty L=ksr taxyh eNyh ls lqjf{kr djuk vko’;d gSA ty L=ksr dk eRL; vk[ksV ds ,sls midj.kksa ] tks vU; tyksa esa iz;ksx gq, gksa ds :Ik esa iz;ksx e`r eNyh dk vk[ksV ds le; eNyh vkd”kZ.k ds fy, iz;ksx rFkk fdLrh;ksa dk ,d >hy @ tyk’; ls nwljs esa LFkkukUrj.k ij chekjh Qsyus dk Hk; jgrk gSA ikuh L=ksr ij eNyh vFkok ijkoSaxuh fdj.kksa ds iz;ksx ls chekjh dks Qsyus ls jksdk tk ldrk gSA diMs /kksus ds fy, ty L=ksar dk iz;ksx] dk;Z’kkykvksa] /kjksa vFkok [ksrksa ds chp ls cgus okys ty ftuesa jklk;uksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gks] ds dkj.k ikuh dh xq.koRrk de gks tkrh gSA ,Y;wfefu;e rFkk yksgs dh vR;kf/kd ek=k] vefy;k ikuh rFkk vkDlhtu o rkieku esa ;dk;d Qsjcny ls eNyh dh chekjh jks/kd {kerk esa deh vk tkrh gSA

QkeZ ij u;k Ik’kq/ku ykus ls iwoZ igys ds le; ds Ik’kq/ku dk foØ; vFkok ogka ls ifjogu vko’;d gSA blls ,d o”kZ ds eNyh laØe.k dks vxys o”kZ esa izHkko Mkyus ls jksdk tk ldrk gSA [kkyh rkykcksa dh lQkbZ] dhVk.kwuk’kd u, Ik’kq/ku dks ykus ls iwoZ djuk vko’;d gSA QkeZ ds fofHkUu d{kksa dh fnup;kZ vyx vyx j[kus ls chekjh dks QSsyus ls jksdk tk ldrk gSA de ?kkrd chekjh gksus ij dbZ d{kksa ds eRL; /ku dks chekjh ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA

eNyh dks ckj ckj NsMus ls mls gkfu igqap ldrh gSA l?ku eRL; ikyu esa viz;ZkIr vkgkj nsus ij blds xEHkhj ifj.kke gks ldrs gSaA ;fn laHko gks rks eNyh ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ty esa gh iEi ds ek/;e ls LFkkukUrfjr dh tk,A

pwgksa rFkk if{k;ksa tSls ‘kjkjrh tho] lw{e thfo;ksa dks Qsykus esa dkQh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA Ik{kh vka[k rFkk isV ds fofHkUu ijftfo;ksa dks gh ugha ikys j[krs ijarq eNyh ds fy, gkfudkjd lw{e tho Hkh buesa dkQh le; rd thfor jg ldrs gSaA QkeZ ij vkus okys vkxarqd Hkh lw{e thoksa dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku esa ifjogu dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA taxyh eNyh ij dk;Z djus vFkok vU; QkeksaZ ij Hkze.k mijkar leLr midj.kksa dk jksxk.kwuk’ku] diMkas dk cnyko rFkk gkFkksa dks /kksuk vko’;d gSA QkeZ izca/kd dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og vkxarqdksa dks leLr lQkbZ fu;ekoyh ls ifjfpr djok,aA blds fy, mls vkxarqdksa dh iwoZr lwpuk vko’;d gSA QkeZ ij vkxarqdksa dk Hkze.k de ls de rFkk gSpjh esa blls ijgst gh mi;ksxh gSA QkeZ ds eq[; izos’k }kj ij lQkbZ fu;ekoyh dk fyf[kr mYys[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

VªkmV vkgkj rFkk mls f[kykuk%&

VªkmV ekal Hk{kh eNyh gS rFkk ftank thfor thoksa dks idMus rFkk mUgsa [kkus ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA budh ikpu iz.kkyh tSfod izksVhu dks gh ipkus esa l{ke gS rFkkk ouLifrd mRiknksa dks ipkus esa bldh {kerk yxHkx ux.; gSA jsuoks VªkmV ds mRiknu ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk vkgkj fofHkUu iz;ksxksa ds mijkar izkIr ifj.kkeksa ij fuHkZj gSA bl ij oSKkfud vuqla/kku eq[;r% la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa gh gqvk gSA

iz;ksfxd n`f”V ls jsuoks VªkmV ds fy, oks gh vkgkj mi;qDr ekuk x;k gS ftlesa tarq izksVhu ;k tSfod izksVhu lokZf/kd gksA U;wu Lrj ds vkgj esa 28 ls 35 izfr’kr rFkk mPp xq.koRrk ds vkgkj esa 45 ls 50 izfr’kr tSfod izksVhu gksrh gSA vkgkj dh dqN izksVhu ouLifrd izksVhu dks feykdj fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA ;|fi mls eNyh de gh ek=k esa iz;ksx dj ikrh gS vkSj ;fn vf/kd ek=k esa f[kyk;k tk, rks og vfgrdkjh gksrh gSA fuEu rkfydk }kjk lkyeu ¼VªkmV½ eNyh ds fy, vko’;d vehbuks ,flM dh ek=k dks n’kkZ;k x;k gSA

eRL; vkgkj dk eq[; /kVd lw[kh tSfod izksVhu gSA og gh vkgkj vPNk ekuk tkrk gS ftlesa vPNh xq.koRrk dh tSfod izksVhu fo|eku gksA tSfod izksVhu dk eq[; L=ksr eNyh gh gSA bl dk;Z ds fy, lQsn eNyh dks gok jfgr e’khuksa esa lq[kk dj ihlk tkrk gSA de xq.koRrk okys eNyh vkgkj] ftls fuEu Lrj ds eNyh oxZ ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] mls QkeZ ij vf/kd le; rd f[kykrs jgus ls eNfy;ksa esa dbZ rjg dh iks”k.k dfe;ka rFkk vUr esa mudh e`R;q Hkh gks ldrh gSA

VªkmV eNyh xqywdkst o bySDVªkst vkfn ikpd dkoksZgkbZMªsVl dks dqN gh ek=k esa iz;ksx dj ldrh gSA vr% nSfud vkgkj esa budh ek=k 4 ls 5 xzke izfr fdyks eNyh Hkkj j[kh tkuh pkfg,A ;fn yEcs le; rd vf/kd ek=k esa dkoksZgkbZMªsVl f[kyk, tkrs gSa rks mlls Hkkjh {kfr gks ldrh gSA bl rjg ls e`r eNfy;ksa ds Qwys gq, ‘kjhj rFkk lkekU; vkdkj ls cMs rFkk Hkwjs jax ds ;d`r gksrs gSa tks fd xykbZdkstu ds vR;kf/kd Hk.Mkj.k ls gksrs gSA

de ek=k esa ikpd clk VªkmV vkgkj ds fy, vko’;d gSA clk dh ikpdrk mlds de nzO;kad ij fuHkZj djrh gSA D;ksafd vek’; esa blds iz;ksx ds fy, bldk nzO; ds :Ik esa gksuk vko’;d gSA vko’;d clk veyksa esa fyuksfyd] fyuksySfud vey tks fd mPp Js.kh ds vulspwjsfVM clk vey gS] vkrs gSA iz;ksfxd vkgkj esa 5 ls 8 izfr’kr clk gksrh gS ijarq okf.kT; vkgkjksa esa bldh ek=k 15 ls 24 izfr’kr Hkh gksrh gSA clk dh vkgkj esa vR;kf/kd ek=k ls ;d`r rFkk xqnksaZ dh fofHkUu chekfj;kWa gksrh gSa ijarq budh ek=k de gksus ij eNyh dh c<ks=h rFkk vkgkj ifjorZu nj ij dqizHkko iMrk gSA ;d`r clk ds Hk.Mkj.k ds dkj.k Qwy tkrk gS rFkk xyQMksa o vka[kksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh Hkh izHkkfor gksrh gSA

mPp iztkfr ds izkf.k;ksa dh Hkkafr eNyh dks Hkh [kfut inkFkksaZ dh Hkkstu esa vko’;drk gksrh gSA ;|fi budh ek=k dk Li”V mYys[k ugha gqvk gS ijarq fQj Hkh ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd blesa ls dqN dh deh eNyh }kjk lh/ks ikuh ls iwjh dj yh tkrh gSA

;wjksi rFkk la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa gq, vuqla/kkuksa ds vk/kkj ij eNyh ds fy, vko’;d izfr fdyksxzke Hkkj ds vk/kkj ij nSfud foVkfeu vko’;drk fuEu rkfydk esa n’kkZbZ xbZ gS%&

VªkmV eNyh dks yxHkx 500 feyhxzke nSfud nj ls fcVkfeu lh dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr mUgsa foVkfeu A ¼800&10]000 i.u.½] foVkfeu D ¼1000 i.u. ½] E ¼125 i.u.½] rFkk fofVkfeu K ¼15&20 fe0xzke dh Hkh vko’;drk gksrh gSA

jsuoks VªkmV dks le; le; ij de vkgkj f[kyk;k tkuk fgrdkjh ekuk x;k gS A blds fy, Lopfyr vkgkj f[kykus okys ;a=ksa] ftuesa vkgkj le; rFkk mldh ek=k dk fu/kkZj.k laHko gks] dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn vkgkj gkFk ls f[kyk;k tkuk gks rks eNyh vaxqfydkvksa dks vkjafHkd nks ekl rd fnu esa de ls de 6 ckj ,d fuf’pr vof/k mijkar vkgkj nsuk pkfg,A cMh eNfy;ksa dsk fnu esa 2 ;k 3 ckj Hkh vkgkj f[kyk;k tk ldrk gSA

dkQh yEcs le; ls ;g fofnr gS fd jsuoks VªkmV eNyh dk ekal dk yky jax clk /kqfyr dSjksfVu uked vO;o ds dkj.k gksrk gSA eNyh bl vO;o dks vU; thoksa] ftzUgsa vkgkj esa ‘kkfey fd;k gksrk gS] ls izkIr djrh gSA eNyh ds ekal ds jax dks yfyek;qDr cuk;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn foØ; ls iwoZ bls de ls de ,d ekl rd >haxk bR;kfn vkgkj esa fn;s tk,aA rktk >haxk D;ksafd vf/kd dherh gksrk gS vr% bls eNyh vkgkj esa rHkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS tc eNyh dk vPNk foØ; ewY; izkIr gksus dh vis{kk gks ;k vkgkj de ewY; ij miyC/k gks ldsA

Ik’kqvksa rFkk eqxhZ;ksa ls izkIr gksus okys vkgkj mRiknksa dks jax nsus dh n`f”V ls muds vkgkj esa dSjVhuokbZM uked vO;o feyk, tkrs gSA lkyeu eNyh ds fo|eku izkd`frd dSfjVhuokbZM tSuFkhu ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA blh rjg ds ,d vU; vO;o dSUFkktSUFkhu dk mRiknu Hkh fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk ;g cktkj esa miyC/k Hkh gS rFkk bls vkgkj dks jax nsus ds fy, ;wjksi o vesfjdk esa ekU;rk izkIr gSA jsuoks VªkmV ds dSUFkktSUFkhu 190 feyhxzke izfrfdyks dh nj ls 10 lIrkg rd f[kykus ij mlds ekal dks yky jax dk cuk nsrk gSA fodYi ds :Ik esa ,LVktSUFkhu uke dSjksVhuokbZZM Hkh miyC/k gSA

jsuoks VªkmV ds dqiks”k.k dk eq[; dkjd vkgkj esa de tSo izksVhu izfr’krrk dk gksuk gksrk gS A blds vfrfjDr lw[ks vFkok xhys vkgkj esa foVkfeu ch&1 dh deh Hkh dkQh {kfr dk dkj.k cu tkrh gSA

jsuoks VªkmV ds vkgkj esa foVkfeuksa dh dfe;ksa ls gksus okys y{k.k fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

Hkw[k u yxuk] ;k va/ksjs esa jguk] xgjkbZ esa rSjuk] vU/kkiu] vka[k esa lQsn ;k yky /kCcsA

Hkw[k u yxuk] vR;kf/kd mRrstuk ] tksj tksj ls vkSj tYnh tYnh lkal ysuk] xyQMksa ds ckgjh [kksy dk LiUnu] nzO; ‘kjhj dh [kkyh txgksa ij bdVBk gks tkuk] eNfy;ksa esa [kwu dh deh gks tkuk rFkk ‘kjhj dk xgjk jax gks tkukA

Hkw[k u yxuk] ekalisf’k;ksa dk {k; vkSj >Vds ls rSjukA nzO; inkFkZ isV vkSj vkarksa esa Hkj tkukA

Hkw[k u yxuk] ekal isf’k;ksa esa ,asBu] peMh dk jax xgjk gksuk] vkarksa esa ?kko gksukA

ISkuVksfFkfud ,flM%& ¼ch&12½

Hkw[k u yxuk] eNyh ns[kus ls gh vLoLFk yxrh gS] xyQMksa ds rarqvksa dk tqM tkuk ‘ys”ek ls <d tkuk] ‘kjhj ij ?kko gks tkuk vkfnA

Qkfyd ,flM%&

VªkmV lalk/ku%&

VªkmV ds foØ; dks izksRlkgu ds fy, dkQh dqN fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls isV lkQ dj bldk vHkh’khru ;k xeZ /kaq,s@ B.Ms /kqa,s esa ifjj{k.k dj fMCck can fd;k tkrk gSA ekal dks jksVh dk vkdkj fn;k tkrk gS ;k mls ifjj{k.k ?kksy esa ifjj{k.k dj Mqcks;k tk ldrk gSA VªkmV dks esjhusM dj VqdMksa esa dkVdj mUgsa gSfjx dh rjg fMCck can fd;k tk ldrk gSSA VªkmV ds v.Mksa dks uedhu /kksy esa ifjj{k.k dj mUgSa jSM dsfo;j (Red Caviar) ds uke ls cspk tkrk gSA

,d vuqHkoghu deZpkjh }kjk dh tkus okyh lkekU; Hkwy ;g gS fd eNfy;ksa dks foØ; ds fy, idMrs le; mUgsa cgqr gkfu igWwpkbZ tkrh gSA ,d lkFk vf/kd eNfy;ka bdVBs fudkyus ij muds ‘kYd fxj tkrs gSa rFkk ‘kjhj ij txg txg [kjkspsa vk tkrh gSa ftlls mudh ‘kdykslwjr gh [kjkc gks tkrh gSA ,slh eNfy;ka tYnh [kjkc gks tkrh gSa A e`r eNfy;ksa ds jslost ls ifjogu esa Hkh lko/kkuh vko’;d gSA ;fn mUgsa ,d <sj ds :Ik esa xeZ ekSle esa j[kk tk, rks FkksMh nsj ckn gh uhps dh eNyh [kjkc gks tk,xhA vr% bUgsa mFkys fMCcksa esa oQZ ds lkFk can djuk pkfg,A yEcs ifjogu ds fy, thfor eNyh dks gh vkDlhtu ;qDr ikuh esa ys tkuk pkfg,A

lagkj%&

QkeZ dh ftruh Hkh eNyh dk foØ; ds fy, lagkj djuk gks mls foØ; ls iwoZ dkQh le; rd vkgkj jfgr j[kk tkrk gS rkfd mldk isV [kkyh gks tk,A eNyh dks idM dj mls ne ?kqV dj ej nsus ds fy, NksMus ds LFkku ij ;Fkk’kh/kz ekj nsuk pkfg,A ,slk u djus ij mlds ‘kjhj esa lapkfjr gksus okyk ySfDVd ,sflM mls tYnh [kjkc djus esa lgk;d gks tkrk gS A lcls vPNk vkSj vPNs ifj.kke okyk ,d rjhdk eNfy;ksa dks ty esa dkoZuMkbZvkDlkbZM xSl feykdj ekjk tkuk gSA VªkmV dks jslost esa ,d txg bdVBk djds] ,d IykfLVd dh ‘khV ls ?ksjko dj bdVBk fd;k tkrk gSA ikuh ds ogko dks de dj rkykc es ikuh esa xgjkbZ Hkh de dh tkrh gSA

fctyh ds iz;ksx ls Hkh eNfy;ksa dks ekjk tk ldrk gSA mUgsa NksVs VSad esa Mkydj ikuh esa bySDVªksM j[kdj 600 v dh fctyh nsdj ekjk tk ldrk gSA eNfy;ksa dks mPp /kkjk izokg ls rRdky ekjuk vko’;d gS vU;Fkk ekalisf’k;ksa esa ladqpu] VSVul] jDr /kefu;ksa ls L=ko rFkk dkys /kCcs iM tkus ls eNfy;kW [kjkc gks tkrh gSA

eNfy;ksa dks fMCCkksa esa Hkjdj oQZ ds VqdMksa ls <d nsuk pkfg,A eRL; dsUnz tgka ls rkth eNfy;ksa dks cktkj Hkstk tkrk gS ogka oQZ cukus dh e’khu gksuh pkfg,A NksVh e’khus eagxh Hkh ugha gksrh vkSj mUgsa pykuk Hkh vklku gksrk gSA eNyh dks vPNh voLFkk esa oQZ ds /khjs /khjs fi/kyus dh otg ls j[kk tk ldrk gSA eNfy;ksa dks j[kus ds fy, iz;ksx gksus okys ydMh ;k IykfLVd ds fMCcksa esa uhps Nsn gksuk pkfg, rkfd oQZ fi/ky dj cg ldsA cMh eNfy;ksa dks can djrs le; muds isV okyh lrg oQZ dh vFkkZr uhps dh rjQ gksuh pkfg,A

vR;kf/kd la[;k esa laxzg.k ijthoh laØe.k ;k vkgkj izfØ;k esa vlarqyu ds dkj.k detksj eNfy;ksa esa laØe.k dk [krjk vf/kd gksrk gS] rFkk bu ij lkekU; chekfj;ksa dk izHkko Hkh vf/kd gksrk gSA ikuh dh jklk;fud lajpuk] ih,p] rkieku rFkk vkDlhtu Lrj vuqdwy gksus ij eNfy;ksa esa chekfj;ksa ds izfr izfrjks/kd {kerk c< tkrh gSA fuEu Lrjh; vkgkj ;k f[kykus dh fof/k ls eNfy;ka vkØed gks tkrh gS rFkk vkgkj Hkh dkQh ek=k esa O;FkZ tkrk gSA

ikuh esa /kqyu’khy vkDlhtu 70&100 izfr’kr rd gksuh pkfg,A FkksMs le; ds fy, 60 izfr’kr lar`fIr Lrj Hkh lkekU; gS ijarq 6 feyh xzke@ izfr yhVj ikuh esa vkDlhtu ds Lrj dks de ls de ekuk tkrk gSA

veksfu;k dk mPpre Lrj 0-02 fefyxzke@yhVj gSA e`nq ikuh ftldk pH 6-5 gks esa 0-03feyhxzke@yhVj 2⁰c rkieku ij veksfu;k ukbZVªkstu eNyh {kqnzehu ds fy, fo”kkDr gksrh gSA ;g vf/kd rkieku rFkk de pH ij de fo”kkDr gksrh gSA 0-01 feyhxzke@yhVj ij eNfy;ksa dk de fodkl gksrk gS vkSj muesa chekfj;ksa ds izfr izfrjks/k Hkh de gks tkrk gSA

dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbZM dk Lrj pH, vkDlhtu rFkk dSfY’;e ¼C_a½ }kjk izHkkfor gksrk gS vf/kdre Lrj 20 feyhxzke@yhVj gksuk pkfg,A

ikuh esa ih,p dk Lrj mlesa fo|eku tSfod vo’ks”kksa] ,Y;wfefu;e] dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbZM] dSfY’;e vkfn inkFkksaZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g mfpr pH Lrj cukus esa dfBukbZ mRiUu djrs gSA pH ftruk gks lds mruk fLFkj jguk pkfg, D;ksafd blesa vf/kd mrkj&p<ko ikuh dh xq.krk dks izHkkfor dj fo’ks”kr% xyQMksa dks uqdlku igWqpk ldrk gS] pH 6 ls 8-5 ds chp esa gksuk pkfg,A

eNyh dh ‘kq: dh voLFkkvksa dks fofØfr ls cpkus ds fy, 8⁰ lSfYl;l ls de & rkieku ij j[kuk pkfg,A

ikuh ds cgko bruk gksuk pkfg, fd og Lo;a VSd @ jslost dh lQkbZ dj ldsA ,d fu;e vuqlkj 2 x eNyh dh yEckbZ @lSdsaM@ dh nj ls ikuh dh ek=k iz;kZIr ekuh xbZ gSA NksVs VªQ tgka ;g lqfo/kk u gks mUgsa fu;fer :Ik ls lkQ djuk pkfg, rkfd vuokafNr inkFkZ mudh nhokjksa ls fpids u jg ldsaA

rkts ikuh ds eRL; dsUnzksa esa eNfy;ksa dk /kuRp 55 fdyksxzke @izfr ?kuehVj rd lhfer gksuk pkfg,A

vPNs ifj.kkeksa ds fy, fuekZ.k uqL[ks ¼dsoy cMh lspu LFkfy;ksa o QkeksaZ ds fy,½

lQkbZ ds fy, QkeZ fuekZ.k ds vkjfEHkd le; esa gh rduhdh gy fudkyuk vko’;d gSA v.Mk lspu LFky rFkk LVkVZ QhM VSad cMh eNfy;ksa ds ikyu ds LFkku ls nwjh ij gksus pkfg, D;ksafd cMh eNfy;ka ges’kk chekfj;ksa dh okgd jgrh gSa Hkys gh muesa muds y{k.k u fn[kkbZ nsaA LVkVZ QhMtZ cMh eNfy;ksa dh vis{kk chekjh ds izfr vf/kd laosnu’khy gksrs gSaA ,sls QkeZ tgka fofHkUu iztud vuqoakf’kdh dh eNfy;ka gSa mUgsa vyx vyx j[kuk pkfg,A eRL; ikyu dsUnzksa esa lHkh rjg ds dkeksa ds fy, lQkbZ vkSj nwf”kr e.My LFkkfir djus pkfg,A ^lkQ^ vkSj ^nwf”kr^ txgksa dks dsUnzksa esa vPNh rjg n’kkZuk pkfg,A fnup;kZ bl rjg gksuh pkfg, fd bu e.Myksa dk ifjR;kx ugha gksuk pkfg,A dsUnzksa esa izos’k djus ls igys Ik;ZVdksa@vkxarqdksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks ,d lkQ d`f=e tyekxZ ls gksdj tkuk pkfg,A eRL; ikyu dsUnzksa esa /;ku esa j[kus ds fy, lQkbZ ds fu;eksa dks laf{kIr :Ik ls fy[kuk pkfg,A izos’k }kj ij xeZ ikuh] lkcqu ;k gkFkksa ds jksxk.kw uk’kd gksus pkfg,A izos’k ekxZ ij Ik;ZVdksa@vkxarqdksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks vyx ls Mkaxjh o twrs fn;s tkus pkfg, ftUgsa igu dj os vanj izos’k djsaA izR;sd bdkbZ dk viuk izos’k }kj gksuk pkfg,A Hkkstuky; rFkk dk;kZy; LpPN e.My ls ckgj gksus pkfg, rkfd fcuk bl esa izos’k fd;s QkeZ ij tk;k tk ldsA fofHkUu VSadksa ds fy, vyx vyx uSV ] oSx rFkk cz’k mUgsa vyx bdkbZ cukrs gSa] ftlls jksx izsf”kr ugha gksrk gSA vxj bUgha midj.kksa dks fofHkUu VSadksa esa bLrseky djuk gks rks mUgsa de ls de 10 feuV rd jksxk.kwuk’kd esa Mqcksdj laØe.k jfgr dj ds vyx vyx eNfy;ksa ij bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA izR;sd foHkkx dk vyx est] ckYVh rFkk Vc fpfUgr gksuk pkfg, rkfd midj.kksa dh Qsjcny u gks ldsA ;fn dbZ VSadksa ls ,d gh le; ij ikuh dk fudkl fd;k tk, rks bl xans ikuh ls Hkh lw{ethoh iui ldrs gSaA gj foHkkx dk viuk vyx fudkl ekxZ gksuk pkfg,A

dbZ fdrkcksa vkSj oSKkfud vuqPNsnksa esa VªkmV dks ikyus vkSj mudh chekfj;ksa ds ckjs esa fy[kk x;k gSA eNfy;ksa esa chekfj;ksa dh jksdFkke ds fy, ¼ukjosft;u tarq LokLF; izkf/kdkfj;ksa½ (Norwegian Animal Health Authorities) }kjk okLrfod :Ik esa eNyh ikyu dsUnzksa ds fy, ekxZn’kZu fd;k gSA eq[;r% ;g NksVs eRL; ikyu dsUnzksa ds dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj lykgdrkZvksa ds fy, gSA OIE (Office International des Epizooties) manual vkSj dksM eqQr esa http://www.OIE.int/org/normes/en_acode.htm ls MkmuyksM vkSj fizaV fd;s tk ldrs gSaA


	Himachal Pradesh Fisheries Department